Managing COPD During the Common Cold

Evidence-Based Ways to Decrease Exacerbations

Written by: Seth Helbling RN, CDCES

For individuals living with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), even a simple cold can trigger serious complications. Cold weather, respiratory viruses, and even seasonal changes can lead to COPD exacerbations—a sudden worsening of symptoms like increased shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing. As a nurse, I’ve seen how respiratory illnesses can significantly impact those with COPD, but there are proven strategies to reduce the risk of exacerbations during cold and flu season. Here are scientifically supported methods to help manage your COPD and decrease the likelihood of flare-ups when you catch a cold.

1. Get the Flu and Pneumonia Vaccines

For people with COPD, respiratory infections like the flu or pneumonia can be more severe and trigger exacerbations. Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to protect yourself.

• Flu Vaccine: Research shows that flu vaccines reduce the severity of illness in COPD patients and lower the risk of hospitalization and complications. In fact, a study published in Chest Journal found that the flu vaccine reduces hospitalizations related to the flu by up to 60% in COPD patients.
• Pneumonia Vaccine: Pneumococcal vaccines are equally important, as pneumonia is a common and dangerous complication for individuals with COPD. Studies indicate that the pneumonia vaccine reduces the risk of severe pneumonia and its associated complications by 30-50% in COPD patients.

Both vaccines can be a lifesaver, reducing the risk of infections that lead to exacerbations. Consult with your primary health care provider to discuss your options. If you cannot receive vaccinations see the article on  Boosting Your Immune Health Naturally.

2. Stay Consistently on Your COPD Medication

When you have COPD, taking your prescribed medications consistently can help you better manage symptoms and prevent flare-ups. Inhalers, bronchodilators, and steroids are critical in maintaining lung function and preventing exacerbations, especially when you’re dealing with a cold or respiratory infection.

• Long-acting bronchodilators help keep your airways open and can reduce the risk of breathing difficulties.
• Inhaled corticosteroids can help control inflammation and reduce the frequency of exacerbations.

A study in The Lancet found that patients with COPD who followed their prescribed medication regimen had fewer exacerbations and better quality of life compared to those who missed doses.

3. Practice Good Hygiene: Wash Your Hands and Avoid Sick People

This is paramount when preventing illness, as a nurse I can tell you that handwashing rates #1 in preventing hospital associated illness transmission and has so for many years but few carry this into their personal lives and fail to create good handwashing habits. Cold viruses and respiratory infections spread quickly, especially in public places. Practicing proper hygiene can drastically reduce the chances of catching a cold and triggering a COPD flare-up. 

• Hand hygiene: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that frequent handwashing can reduce the transmission of viruses. Handwashing for at least 20 seconds can lower the risk of contracting the cold virus by as much as 40-60%.
• Avoid close contact: Stay away from people who are sick. The common cold spreads through respiratory droplets, so keeping your distance from those with symptoms is key to avoiding infections.

If you must be around sick individuals, wearing a mask has been shown to reduce the transmission of viruses, including the cold. In fact, wearing a mask has been proven to reduce the likelihood of respiratory illnesses in vulnerable populations like those with COPD.

4. Stay Hydrated

Hydration is a simple but effective way to help your lungs function better. When you’re well-hydrated, your mucus is less sticky and easier to clear from your airways. This is especially important when you’re fighting a cold, as the mucus can build up and make it harder to breathe.

• Aim to drink 8-10 cups of water daily, more if you’re experiencing symptoms like coughing or congestion. Hydration supports mucus clearance and helps prevent exacerbations. Be cautious about adding additional water intake if you have Congestive Heart Failure. The body adapts better to lifestyle change when change progresses at a slow rate. 

A study published in European Respiratory Journal found that proper hydration can significantly improve airway clearance in individuals with COPD, reducing the severity of symptoms and the likelihood of exacerbations.

5. Avoid Cold Air and Environmental Irritants

Cold air is a major irritant for people with COPD. The cold, dry air can worsen breathing difficulties, especially when you’re already struggling with a respiratory infection. If you’re going outside during colder months, consider:

• Wearing a scarf or mask over your nose and mouth to help warm the air before it enters your lungs.
• Avoiding outdoor exercise during extreme cold. If you must exercise, opt for indoor activities where the air is warm and clean.
• Creating a comfortable home environment by using a humidifier to keep the air moist, which can help prevent irritation from dry air.

Environmental pollutants, such as smoke or dust, can also trigger COPD exacerbations, so avoid exposure to these irritants whenever possible.

6. Know the Signs of an Exacerbation and Seek Early Treatment

COPD exacerbations can escalate quickly, so it’s important to recognize the early signs and seek treatment promptly. The early signs of an exacerbation may include:

• Increased shortness of breath
• More frequent coughing
• Changes in mucus color or consistency
• Wheezing or chest tightness

Research in Thorax Journal indicates that patients who seek early treatment for exacerbations have better outcomes and experience fewer complications. If you notice any of these symptoms, contact your healthcare provider or care manager early to adjust your treatment plan. 

Pro Tip: If you are on Medicare and managing two or more chronic conditions, research suggests that enrolling in a Chronic Care Management (CCM) or Remote Physiologic Monitoring (RPM) program can significantly reduce hospitalizations and improve overall health outcomes. These programs provide personalized care, proactive monitoring, and early intervention to help you manage your health more effectively.

Want to learn more? Read more about the benefits of CCM and RPM here.

7. Practice Breathing Exercises

Breathing exercises like pursed-lip breathing and diaphragmatic breathing can help you manage shortness of breath, a common symptom of COPD and a complication during a cold. These exercises can:

• Improve oxygenation
• Help you expel trapped air from your lungs
• Promote relaxation and reduce anxiety associated with breathing difficulties

A study in The Cochrane Database found that COPD patients who practiced breathing techniques had improved lung function, exercise tolerance, and quality of life.

8. Get Plenty of Rest

COPD can take a toll on your energy levels, especially when you’re dealing with an infection. Adequate rest is essential to allow your body to recover and fight off illnesses.

• Aim for 7-9 hours of quality sleep each night to help your body stay strong and repair itself.
• If you feel overly fatigued during the day, don’t hesitate to take short naps to rejuvenate yourself.

Sleep helps your immune system function optimally, giving your body the best chance to fight off respiratory infections and prevent exacerbations.

Conclusion

For those living with COPD, managing the risks associated with respiratory illnesses like the common cold is crucial for maintaining good health and avoiding exacerbations. By taking proactive steps like getting vaccinated, practicing good hygiene, staying hydrated, and avoiding cold air, you can significantly reduce your risk of flare-ups and improve your quality of life.

As a nurse, I’ve seen firsthand how these strategies can positively impact patients with COPD. The more consistent and diligent you are with your care, the better your chances of staying healthy and avoiding serious complications. Stay informed, stay prepared, and take control of your health this cold and flu season!